Prevalencia de la infección por Sporothrix schenckii en agricultores del Cantón Shushufindi de la Provincia de Sucumbíos / Prevalence of Sporothrix schenckii infection in farmers of the Shushufindi Canton of the Sucumbíos Province

La esporotricosis es una micosis subcutánea causada por la inoculación traumática en la piel de especies de hongos del género Sporothrix. La enfermedad tiene diferentes manifestaciones clínicas (cutáneas, linfocutáneas y diseminadas), y también puede progresar a una infección sistémica. A pesar de tener una distribución mundial, la esporotricosis es más frecuente en los países tropicales y subtropicales. La esporotricosis es la micosis subcutánea más frecuente en América Latina, donde se considera endémica. Ciertos grupos de personas pueden estar más expuestos al agente causal de la enfermedad, como los agricultores. Así, este trabajo tuvo como objetivo determinar la prevalencia de la esporotricosis en 3.133 agricultores, en el cantón de Shushufindi de la provincia de Sucumbíos, Ecuador. En este estudio, se utilizó una prueba de intradermorreacción con el antígeno esporotriquina obtenido del hongo Sporothrix schenckii. Los datos obtenidos mostraron una prevalencia de 35,45%. La distribución de la prevalencia de la esporotricosis con respecto a los grupos de edad no mostró diferencias estadísticas significativas (p=0,2054). Para la variable sexo, si hubo significancia estadística (p=0,01995). 51 de los casos positivos presentaron gomas y/o úlceras en alguno de sus miembros. La esporotricosis ha demostrado ser una de las micosis subcutáneas más frecuente en los trabajadores de la agricultura en la región ecuatoriana evaluada(AU)

Sporotrichosis is a subcutaneous mycosis caused by traumatic skin inoculation of fungal species of the genus Sporothrix. The disease has different clinical manifestations (cutaneous, lymphocutaneous, and disseminated), and it can also progress to a systemic infection. Despite having a worldwide distribution, sporotrichosis is more common in tropical and subtropical countries. Sporotrichosis is the most frequent subcutaneous mycosis in Latin America, where it is considered endemic. Certain groups of people may be more exposed to the causative agent of the disease, such as farmers. Thus, this work aimed to determine the prevalence of sporotrichosis in 3133 farmers, in the canton of Shushufindi in the province of Sucumbíos, Ecuador. In this study, an intradermal test was used with the sporotrichin antigen obtained from the fungus Sporothrix schenckii. The data obtained showed a prevalence of 35.45%. The distribution of the prevalence of sporotrichosis with respect to age groups did not show significant statistical differences (p=0.2054). For the sex variable, there was statistical significance (p=0.01995). 51 of the positive cases presented gums and/or ulcers in one of their members. Sporotrichosis has proven to be one of the most frequent subcutaneous mycoses in agricultural workers in the evaluated Ecuadorian region(AU)

Dermatomicosis superficiales: cuando el diagnóstico lo entrega la histología / Superficial dermatomycosis: when the diagnosis is provided by histology

Superficial dermatomycosis are prevalent pathologies in the medical field and their diagnosis is fundamentally clinical. Histopathology is not considered part of his study, however, the diagnosis is exceptionally obtained by biopsy, when dermatomycosis was not suspected. Unpublished retrospective work is carried out on patients who had the histopathological diagnosis of superficial dermatomycosis between the years 2000-2019 at the HCUCH, based on selection criteria, obtaining 19 patients, in which the following were analyzed: age, gender, clinical characteristics, location, presumptive diagnosis and mycological and histological examinations. He stressed, as was our hypothesis, that dermatomycosis was not clinically suspected, since the presumptive diagnoses were various dermatoses. The most suspected dermatosis was psoriasis, as a result that 57.8% of the dermatoses studied had erythematous scaly plaques on examination. Another relevant fact is that only 21% of the cases underwent a direct mycological prior to the biopsy, which was negative ('' false negative''). It is concluded, then, that superficial dermatomycosis should be considered clinical simulators of other dermatoses, so clinical suspicion and support of mycological examination and fungal culture is essential. (AU)

Estudio Trasversal: Micosis Superficiales en Niños Escolares de una Parroquia Rural de Cuenca, Ecuador / Cross - Sectional - Research: Superficial Mycoses in Scholar Children of a Rural Parish in Cuenca, Ecuador

INTRODUCCIÓN: Las micosis superficiales constituyen un importante problema de salud a nivel mundial, siendo mayor su frecuencia en niños y adultos jóvenes. Existen escasos estudios científicos publicados en Ecuador sobre esta patología, en particular en la provincia del Azuay. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la frecuencia de micosis superficiales en niños escolares y sus agentes etiológicos. MÉTODO: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal, con 294 pacientes, las edades entre 3 y 14 años, pertenecieron a una escuela fiscal de la parroquia rural "El Valle", provincia del Azuay - Cuenca, Ecuador. Se examinó físicamente a cada participante para caracterizar lesiones sugestivas de micosis; a las muestras tomadas de las lesiones, se aplicó las técnicas de diagnóstico micológico como análisis directo, cultivo e identificación de agentes fúngicos mediante caracterización macroscópica y microscópica de las colonias. RESULTADOS: De los 294 pacientes evaluados (72.8 % hombres), 234 (79.6 %) presentaron lesiones sugestivas de micosis superficial; en 179 participantes (60.9 %) se identificó al menos un agente fúngico en las muestras analizadas, sin diferencias significativas entre género y edad (p: > 0.05). Los dermatofitos fueron los hongos más frecuentes (58.2 %), siendo Trichophyton schoenleinii y Trichophyton mentagrophytes las especies mayormente reportadas. CONCLUSIONES: Se concluyó que las micosis superficiales afectaron a más de la mitad de los niños en edad escolar en la población estudiada. Los dermatofitos son los principales agentes etiológicos aislados, de los cuales se identificaron ciertas especies que varían en frecuencia con relación a lo reportado en otros países de Latinoamérica.

BACKGROUND: Superficial mycoses constitute a health problem worldwide, being a major frequency in children and young adults. There are few scientific studies published in Ecuador on this pathology, in particularin the province of Azuay. The aimofthe study was to determine the frequency of superficialmycoses in school children and their etiological agents. METHODS: A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out, with 294 patients, aged between3and14 years,belongingtoafiscal schoolinthe ruralparish"ElValle",provinceofAzuay - Cuenca, Ecuador. Each participant was physically examined to characterize lesions suggestive of mycosis; to the samples taken from the lesions, the techniques of mycological diagnosis were applied as direct analysis, culture, and identification of fungal agents by means of macroscopic andmicroscopic characterization ofthe colonies. RESULTS: The 294 patients evaluated (72.8 % men), 234 participants (79.6 %) had lesions suggestive of superficialmycosis; in the 179 participants atleast one fungal agent was identified in the analyzed samples (60.9 %), with no significant differences between gender and age (p: > 0.05). Dermatophytes were the most frequently identified fungal agent (58.2%, n= 201), with Trichophyton schoenleinii and Trichophytonmentagrophytes being themostfrequently reported species. CONCLUSIONS: Itis concluded that superficialmycoses affectedmore than half of school-age children in the study population. Dermatophytes were the main isolated etiological agents, from which certain species had been identified that vary in frequency in relation to thatreported in other Latin American countries.

Cutaneous mucormycosis

Abstract Cutaneous mucormycosis is an emerging fungal infection caused by opportunistic fungi of the phylum Glomeromycota. It is frequent in poorly controlled diabetic patients and individuals with immunosuppression. It is usually acquired by direct inoculation through trauma. The clinical presentation is nonspecific, but an indurated plaque that rapidly evolves to necrosis is a common finding. Diagnosis should be confirmed by demonstration of the etiological agent and new molecular diagnostic tools have recently been described. It is an invasive life-threatening disease and in order to improve survival, a prompt diagnosis and multidisciplinary management should be provided. The treatment of choice is amphotericin B, but new azoles, such as posaconazole and isavuconazole, must be considered.

Dermatofitos: casuística en la Sección de Micología del Laboratorio Central de Salud Pública, Asunción - Paraguay (2000 - 2016) / Dermatophytes: casuistry in the Mycology Section of the Central Public Health Laboratory, Asunción - Paraguay (2000 - 2016)

Introducción: los dermatofitos son las principales causas de micosis superficial. Su epidemiología es poco conocida en Paraguay. Objetivos: describir las especies prevalentes, tipos de tiñas y características según sexo y edad de pacientes que acudieron al Laboratorio Central de Salud Pública, Asunción- Paraguay,en el período 2000-2016. Materiales y Métodos: se estudiaron pacientes de todas las edades con diagnóstico de micosis superficiales. Las muestras procesadas fueron uñas, pelos y escamas epidérmicas Se realizaron exámenes directos con KOH y cultivos. La identificación fue por macro y microscopía de las colonias. Resultados: de 6.652 pacientes con sospecha de micosis superficiales, 803 (12%) fueron positivas para dermatofitos. Los aislamientos fueron Microsporumcanis (33,9%), Trichophytonrubrum (23,8%), Trichophytonmentagrophytes (22%), Trichophytontonsurans (12,6%), Microsporumgypseum (6,2%), Trichophytonverrucosum (1,4%), un aislamiento para Microsporummanuumy Epidermophytonfloccosum respectivamente. Los tipos de tiñas fueron: capitis (54,3%), corporis (27,1%) yunguium (9,8%), pedís (3,8%), cruris (3%) y manuum (2%). Conclusión: el hongo prevalente fue Microsporumcanis (33,9%) y la tiña más frecuente fue capitis.

Introduction: dermatophytes are the main causes of superficial mycosis. Its epidemiology is less known in Paraguay. Objectives: to describe the prevalent species, types of tinea and features according to sex and age of patients who attended the Central Laboratory of Public Health, Asunción-Paraguay, in the period 2000-2016. Materials and Methods: patients of all ages with a diagnosis of superficial mycosis were studied. The samples processed were nails, hairs and epidermal scales. Direct tests were carried out with KOH and cultures. The identification was by macro scopy and microscopy of the colonies. Results: of 6,652 patients with suspected superficial mycoses, 803 (12%) were positive for dermatophytes. The isolates were Microsporum canis (33.9%), Trichophyton rubrum (23.8%), Trichophyton mentagrophytes (22%), Trichophyton tonsurans (12.6%), Microsporum gypseum (6.2%), Trichophyton verrucosum (1,4%), isolation for Microsporum manuum and Epidermophyton floccosum respectively. The types of tinea were: capitis (54.3%), corporis (27.1%) and unguium (9.8%), pedis (3.8%), cruris (3%) and manuum (2%). Conclusion: The prevalent fungus was Microsporum canis (33.9%) and the most frequent tinea was capitis.

Frecuencia de dermatomicosis y factores asociados en población vulnerable. Manizales, Colombia / Dermatomicosis frequency and associated factors in vulnerable population. Manizales, Colombia

RESUMEN Objetivo Determinar la frecuencia de las dermatomicosis en personas de diferentes instituciones de atención social en la ciudad de Manizales durante el año 2011. Método Mediante la toma de muestras de los sitios que presentaban algún tipo de lesión sospechosa de ser una micosis cutánea, se hizo un análisis directo con KOH y cultivo en medios de Saboureaud y Mycosel. Se aplicó un instrumento de recolección de información para establecer factores asociados con la presencia de estos microorganismos. Resultados Los hongos levaduriformes encontrados con mayor frecuencia fueron: Candida albicans, Trichosporon sp, y los mohos saprofitos Penicillium sp, fusarium sp; seguido de hongos dermatofitos como: Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Trichophyton rubrum, Epidermophyton floccosum y Microsporum gypseum. Las lesiones secas y descamativas se encontraron con mayor frecuencia. El compartir baños y vivir en hacinamiento y el uso de elementos comunes fueron los factores asociados más importantes en este estudio. Conclusiones Las dermatomicosis son frecuentes en poblaciones vulnerables y se asocian a diferentes factores muy similares a los encontrados en otros estudios de igual naturaleza.(AU)

ABSTRACT Objective To determine the frequency of ringworm in people of different social care institutions in the city of Manizales in 2011. Method Using the sampling sites that had some kind of suspicious lesion from a cutaneous mycosis, direct analysis with KOH and culture media was Saboureaud and Mycosel. An instrument of data collection was used to establish factors associated with the presence of these microorganisms. Results The yeast found most frequently were: Candida albicans, Trichosporon sp and Penicillium molds saprophytes sp, Fusarium sp, followed by dermatophyte fungi such as Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Trichophyton rubrum, Epidermophyton floccosum and Microsporum gypseum. Dry scaly lesions were found more frequently. The shared bathrooms and living in overcrowded and the use of common elements were the most important in this study associated factors. Conclusions Dermatomycoses are common in vulnerable populations and are associated with different very similar to those found in other studies of the same nature factors.(AU)

Manifestaciones cutáneas en adultos con trasplante hepático del Hospital Clínico de la Universidad de Chile / Skin manifestations in adults with a liver allograft

Background: Skin manifestations after liver transplantation are increasing due to long term immunosuppressive therapy along with an increase in patient survival. Several studies have reported dermatologic complications following renal transplant, but few have studied dermatologic problems after liver transplantation. Aims: To describe the different types of cutaneous lesions encountered in adults receiving a liver allograft. To evaluate the frequency of cutaneous manifestations of patients in the liver transplant waiting list. Material and Methods: Eighty patients submitted to a liver transplant and 70 patients in the liver transplant waiting list were evaluated with a complete dermatological physical examination. Results: Sixty one percent of patients with a liver allograft had at least one skin manifestation. Of these, 34% had superficial fungal infections, 31% had viral infections, 20% had cutaneous side effects due to immunosuppressive treatment, 10% had malignant lesions, 2% had bacterial infections and one patient had a graft versus host disease. Only 28% of patients in the liver transplant waiting list had dermatologic problems, and the vast majority were lesions linked to liver cirrhosis. Conclusions: Cutaneous infections were the most common skin problems in liver transplant patients. Although neoplastic lesions are the most commonly mentioned lesions in the literature, only a 10% of our liver transplant patients presented these type of lesions.

Micosis superficiales en pacientes del estado Anzoátegui, Venezuela, periodo 2002-2012 / Superficial mycoses in patients from Anzoátegui state, Venezuela, period 2002-2012

Las enfermedades fúngicas superficiales que afectan la piel y sus faneras son motivo de consultas en los servicios básicos de triaje y en dermatología. Se encuentran distribuidas en Venezuela con una incidencia de 92,9%. El objetivo del presente estudio fue conocer los géneros y especies que causan dermatomicosis en pacientes residentes del estado Anzoátegui, Venezuela, en el período 2002-2012. Se estudiaron 4257 pacientes con edades entre 7 meses y 79 años. La prevalencia general fue de 30,9%. Las más frecuentes fueron las dermatofitosis (44,7%). M. canis produjo 148 casos de tiña de la cabeza. Tres agentes dermatofiticos representaron el 95% de todos los casos, con predominio significativo de T. mentagrophytes representado por un 50%. La candidosis se presentó en 28,4%. C. albicans, y el complejo C. parapsilosis, fueron responsables del 80% de los casos. Otras especies identificadas fueron C. tropicalis (n = 41; 11,0%), C. glabrata (n = 10; 2,7%), C. guilliermondii (n = 6; 1,6%), C. krusei (n = 4; 1,1%). Pitiriasis versicolor se presentó en (22,4%), y en menor frecuencia la onicomicosis por mohos no dermatofitos, dominando Fusarium oxysporum (n = 34; 65,4%), Aspergillus terreus (n = 16; 30,8%) y Scytalidium dimidiatum (2; 3,8%). Raros casos de onicomicosis por Trichosporon (0,5%) y un caso de tinea negra. Estos resultados revelan una alta frecuencia de las micosis superficiales con predominio de las dermatofitosis indicando la existencia de un problema de salud pública.

Superficial fungal diseases that affect the skin and its appendages are frequently seen in basic triage and in dermatology services. These diseases are distributed in Venezuela with an incidence of 92.9%. The aim of this study was to determine the genera and species that cause dermatomycoses in residents of Anzoátegui state, Venezuela, during the period 2002-2012. A total of 4257 patients with a presumptive diagnosis of superficial mycoses were studied, with ages from 7 months to 79 years. The overall prevalence was 30.9%. The most frequent were dermatophytosis (44.7%). M. canis produced 148 cases of tinea capitis. Three dermatophytic agents represented 95% of all cases, with a significant predominance of T. mentagrophytes with 50%. Candidosis occurred in 28.4%. C. albicans, and the C. parapsilosis complex, were responsible for 80% of the cases. The other species identified were C. tropicalis (n = 41, 11.0%), C. glabrata (n = 10, 2.7%), C. guilliermondii (n = 6, 1.6%), C. krusei (n = 4, 1.1%). Pityriasis versicolor occurred in 22.4% of the cases studied, and less frequently were present onychomycosis produced by a non dermatophytic mold: Fusarium oxysporum (n = 34, 65.4%), Aspergillus terreus (n=16, 30.8%) and Scytalidium dimidiatum (n=2; 3.8%). Rare cases of Trichosporon onychomycosis (0.5%) and one case of black tinea were also found. Health education in the population is recommended to promote measures to prevent transmission of these fungi and prevent the spread of this silent public health problem.

Interdigital foot infections: Corynebacterium minutissimum and agents of superficial mycoses

Interdigital foot infections are mostly caused initially by dermatophytes, yeasts and less frequently by bacteria. Erythrasma caused by Corynebacterium minutissimum can be confused with superficial mycoses. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of the etiologic agents of superficial mycoses and the frequency of Corynebacterium minutissimum in interdigital foot infections. All the samples obtained from the 121 patients with interdigital foot infections were examined directly with the use of 20% potassium hydroxide mounts and Gram stain under the microscope and cultured on Sabouraud's dextrose agar plates. In identification of superficial mycoses, the rate was found to be 14% with the cultural method and 14% with direct microscopic examination. Using a combination of direct microscopic examination and culture, a 33.8% ratio was achieved. In the culture of these samples, the most isolated factor was Trichophyton rubrum (33.7%). In 24 of the patients (19.8%) Corynebacterium minutissimum was detected by Gram staining, in 6 of these patients Trichophyton rubrum was found, Trichophyton mentagrophytes was found in 2 and Trichosporon spp. was found in 1. The examination of interdigital foot lesions in the laboratory, the coexistence of erythrasma with dermatophytes and yeast should be considered.

Epidemiología de las dermatomicosis en 30 años de estudio en el Instituto de Medicina Tropical Daniel A. Carrión, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú / Epidemiology of dermatomycoses in 30 years of study at Daniel A. Carrion Institute of Tropical Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru

Objetivos: Determinar la evolución epidemiológica de las dermatomicosis en pacientes de consultorio externo durante el periodo 1976-2005. Diseño: Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo y analítico. Lugar: Instituto de Medicina Tropical æDaniel Alcides CarriónÆ, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú. Participantes: Pacientes positivos a dermatomicosis. Intervenciones: Se revisó las historias clínicas de 7 185 (55,3 por ciento) casos positivos a dermatomicosis. El instrumento de investigación empleado fue la ficha de levantamiento de información. Principales medidas de resultados: Agente etiológico, estación del año, sexo, edad y forma clínica. Resultados: El estudio demostró que los más afectados fueron del grupo etario de 16 a 30 años (42,7 por ciento) y sexo femenino (52,1 por ciento). La dermatomicosis más frecuente fue la onicomicosis (43,6 por ciento). Los agentes patógenos de mayor prevalencia fueron Trichophyton rubrum (33,2 por ciento), Cándida albicans (15,3 por ciento), Cándida no albicans (11,8 por ciento), Trichophyton mentagrophytes (9,4 por ciento), Malassezia spp (9,1 por ciento) y las infecciones mixtas (7,2 por ciento). Las micosis de cuero cabelludo muestran continuo aumento durante todo el estudio. El dermatofito Epidermophyton floccosum fue aislado por última vez en la década del 90. A partir de 1995 ha aumentado la prevalencia de Cándida no albicans y se encontró como especie re-emergente a la levadura Cándida tropicalis. Conclusiones: Entre los años 1976 y 2005 hubo importantes variaciones epidemiológicas en relación a las formas clínicas y a la etiología de las dermatomicosis...

Objectives: To determine dermatomycoses epidemiological evolution in outpatients during the period 1976-2005. Design: Descriptive, retrospective, and analytical study. Setting: Daniel Alcides Carrion Institute of Tropical Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru. Participants: Patients positive to dermatomycoses. Interventions: Medical records of 7 185 (55.3 per cent) dermatomycoses-positive patients were reviewed. Main outcome measures: Etiologic agent, season, gender, age, and clinical forms. Results: Females (52.1 per cent) and the 16 to 30 year-old group (42.7 per cent) were the most affected. Most frequent dermatomycoses was onychomycosis (43.6 per cent). Most prevalent pathogens were Trichophyton rubrum (33.2 per cent), Candida albicans (15.3 per cent), Candida non albicans (11.8 per cent), Trichophyton mentagrophytes (9.4 per cent), Malassezia spp. (9.1 per cent), and mixed infections (7.2 per cent). The fungal scalp infection showed steady increase during the period studied. Epidermophyton floccosum dermatophyte was isolated for the last time in the 1990s. Since 1995 prevalence of Candida non albicans has increased and Candida tropicalis yeast species are re-emerging. Conclusions: Epidemiological changes in dermatomycoses clinical forms and etiology were found between 1976 and 2005...

Superficial mycoses at the Hospital do Servidor Público Municipal de São Paulo between 2005 and 2011

BACKGROUND: Superficial mycoses are fungal infections limited to the outermost layers of the skin. Dermatophytic filamentous fungi and yeasts are the major causative agents of these mycoses. Dermatophytosis is one of the clinical conditions caused by fungal infections most commonly found in dermatological practice. Thus, knowledge of the ecology of dermatophytes provides a better understanding of the natural history of dermatophytosis. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate epidemiological and mycological features of superficial mycoses diagnosed from 2005 to 2011 in the Dermatology Clinic of the Hospital do Servidor Público Municipal de São Paulo, Brazil. METHOD: This retrospective study was conducted in the Laboratory of Medical Mycology at the Dermatology Clinic of the Hospital do Servidor Público Municipal de São Paulo. Mycological examinations of 9042 patients with clinical suspicion of superficial mycoses performed between 2005 and 2011 were reviewed. RESULTS: Of 9042 direct microscopic examinations, 2626 (29%) were positive for dermatophytes, 205 (2.3%) were positive for Malassezia, 191 (2.1%) were positive for other types of yeast, 48 (0.5%) were positive for bacteria, and 5972 (66%) were negative. Mean age of patients was 48 years, 6920 (77%) patients were female and 2112 (23%) were male. CONCLUSION: The biota consisted of six dermatophyte species: T. rubrum, T. mentagrophytes, M. gypseum, T. tonsurans, E. floccosum, and M. canis. The most common site of involvement was the nail and foot in adults and scalp in children, with a female predominance. Both Candida and Malassezia were more prevalent in adult women, the former most commonly affecting the interdigital region and nails and the latter the chest and neck. .

Study of dermatoses in kidney transplant patients / Estudo das dermatoses em pacientes transplantados renais

BACKGROUND: The increasing in the number of kidney transplant recipients has favored, more frequently than before, the emergence of dermatoses and warranted their study through subsequent publications. OBJECTIVES: to evaluate the frequency of dermatoses in kidney transplant recipients. METHODS: kidney transplant recipients with suspected dermatoses between March 1st 2009 and June 30th 2010. RESULTS: 53 patients (28 males and 25 females), aged between 22 and 69 (mean age = 45 years) were evaluated. Most of them came from the cities of Ceilândia, Samambaia and São Sebastião/DF, and had already been transplanted for 5 to 10 years before (37.7%); 62.3% were recipients of living donors and 83% were prednisone-treated. The most prevalent dermatoses were of fungal (45.3%) and viral (39.6%) etiologies. Among the non-melanoma malignant neoplasms, the basal cell carcinoma prevailed (six cases), in spite of the low incidence. Concerning fungal dermatoses, 12 cases of onychomycosis, five of pityriasis versicolor and four of pityrosporum folliculitis were reported. For diagnosis, in most cases (64.2%), laboratory examinations (mycological and histopathological) were performed. CONCLUSION: cutaneous manifestations in kidney transplant recipients are generally secondary to immunosuppression. The infectious dermatoses, especially those of fungal origin, are frequently found in kidney transplant recipients and their occurrence increases progressively according to the time elapsed from the transplantation, which makes follow-up important. .

FUNDAMENTOS: o crescente aumento do número dos transplantados renais tem favorecido o aparecimento mais frequente das dermatoses e permitido o estudo em sucessivos trabalhos. OBJETIVOS: avaliar a frequência das dermatoses em pacientes transplantados renais. MÉTODOS: captação de pacientes transplantados renais durante o período de 1° de março de 2009 a 30 de junho de 2010 com suspeita de dermatoses. RESULTADOS : foram avaliados 53 pacientes (28 homens e 25 mulheres), entre 22 e 69 anos (com uma média de 45 anos), a maioria procedente de Ceilândia, Samambaia e São Sebastião/DF, entre 5 e 10 anos de transplante renal (37,7%), sendo 62,3% receptor de doador vivo e 83% em uso de prednisona. As dermatoses mais prevalentes foram as de etiologia fúngica (45,3%) e viral (39,6%). Das neoplasias malignas não-melanoma, apesar da baixa incidência, predominou o carcinoma basocelular (seis casos). Com relação s dermatoses de origem fúngica, ocorreram 12 casos de onicomicoses, cinco casos de pitiríase versicolor e quatro casos de foliculite pitirospórica. Para realização do diagnóstico, na maioria dos casos (64,2%), foi utilizado os exames laboratoriais ( micológicos e histopatológicos). CONCLUSÃO: as manifestações cutâneas em pacientes transplantados renais são geralmente secundárias imunossupressão. As dermatoses infecciosas, principalmente as de etiologia fúngica, são frequentes em pacientes transplantados renais, e sua ocorrência aumenta progressivamente, conforme o tempo transcorrido, a partir do transplante, sendo importante o acompanhamento. .

Phaeohyphomycosis: a clinical-epidemiological and diagnostic study of eighteen cases in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

The goal of this study was to review 18 cases of phaeohyphomycosis in Rio Grande do Sul. The records of all of the patients with a diagnosis of phaeohyphomycosis between 1995-2010 were reviewed. Twelve of the 18 patients (66.6%) were male. The average age of the patients was 50 years old (range: 16-74 years). Eleven patients (61%) presented with subcutaneous lesions. Seven patients (38.8%) had received a solid organ transplant. In all of the cases, the presence of melanin in the fungal cells was determined by Fontana-Masson staining of tissue sections and documented. Among the 18 patients, a total of 11 different fungal species were isolated. The causative organisms included Exophiala jeanselmei, Alternaria, Curvularia, Cladophialophora and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. To our knowledge, this review reports the first case of subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis caused by C. gloeosporioides in a lung transplant patient. The number of reported cases of phaeohyphomycosis has increased in the last decade. In a number of cases, this increased incidence may be primarily attributed to iatrogenic immunodeficiency.

Fungal agents in different anatomical sites in Public Health Services in Cuiabá, state of Mato Grosso, Brazil / Agentes fúngicos em diferentes sítios anatômicos nos Serviços de Saúde Pública em Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brasil

INTRODUCTION: A contribution to the regional epidemiological profile of the most common fungal agents in Public Health Services in Cuiabá, state of Mato Grosso, including university hospitals and polyclinics. METHODS: Clinical specimens (n = 1,496) from 1,078 patients were collected, submitted to direct mycological exam (potash or stick tape method) and cultured in specific mediums. Dermatophytic and non-dermatophytic agents were identified according to micromorphology (Ridell technique). RESULTS: The majority of the 1,496 specimens were skin (n = 985) and nail exams (n = 472). Of the 800 positive cultures, 246 (30.8 percent) corresponded to dermatophytes and 336 (42 percent) to yeasts of the genus Candida, 190 (23.7 percent) to other yeasts, 27 (3.4 percent) to non-dermatophytic filamentous fungi and one (0.1 percent) the agent of subcutaneous mycosis. Lesions considered primary occurred in greater numbers (59.5 percent) than recurrent lesions (37.4 percent), with a greater concentration of positivity occurring on the arms and legs. CONCLUSIONS: Comorbidities, allergies and diabetes mellitus were conditions associated with greater positivity in direct mycological exams and cultures. Positive culture was considered a definitive diagnosis of fungal infection and confirmed 47.8 percent of diagnostic hypotheses.

INTRODUÇÃO: Contribuição sobre o perfil epidemiológico regional referente aos agentes fúngicos mais freqüentes nos Serviços de Saúde Pública em Cuiabá-MT, incluindo policlínicas e hospitais universitários. MÉTODOS: Foram examinados 1.496 espécimes clínicos colhidos a partir de 1.078 pacientes, os quais foram submetidos ao exame direto (potassa e/ou fita gomada) e cultivos em meios específicos. Os agentes foram identificados segundo micromorfologia (técnica de Ridell). RESULTADOS: Os 1.496 espécimes foram relacionados na maioria a exames de pele (n = 985), e unhas (n = 472). Dos 800 cultivos positivos, 246 (30,8 por cento) corresponderam a dermatófitos, 336 (42 por cento) a leveduras do gênero Candida, 190 (23,7 por cento) a outras leveduras, 27 (3,4 por cento) a fungos filamentosos não dermatofíticos e um (0,1 por cento) a agente de micoses subcutâneas. Lesões consideradas primárias compareceram em maior número (59,5 por cento), comparadas as recidivantes (37,4 por cento). Foi observada maior positividade em membros inferiores e superiores. CONCLUSÕES: Co-morbidades, quadros alérgicos e diabetes mellitus representaram condições associadas à maior positividade em exames micológicos diretos e cultivos. O cultivo positivo foi considerado como diagnóstico definitivo de infecção fúngica, e confirmou 47,8 por cento de hipóteses diagnósticas.

Use of single-enzyme PCR-restriction digestion barcode targeting the internal transcribed spacers [ITs rDNA] to identify dermatophyte species

Dermatophytes are the most common causative agents of superficial mycoses. Species identification of these fungi is important from therapeutic and epidemiological point of wive. Traditional approaches for identification of dermatophytes at the species level, relying on macroscopic and microscopic features of the colonies, usually are time-consuming and unreliable in many circumstances. Recently a broad varieties of rapid and accurate DNA-based techniques were successfuly utilized for species delineation of dermatophytes. The ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region of rDNA from various reference strains of dermatophyte species were amplified using the universal fungal primers ITS1 and ITS4.The PCR products were digested by a single restriction enzyme, MvaI. The enzyme was evaluated in both in silico and practical PCR-RFLP assay to find the exact differentiating restriction profiles for each species. To validate the standardized PCR-RFLP system, all tested strains were subjected to sequencing and sequence analysis. The obtained RFLP patterns were specific for many species including T. interdigitale, T. rubrum, T. violaceum, M. persicolor, M. audouinii, M. nanum [A. obtusum] and E. floccosum but were similar for some closely related species such as M. canis / M. ferrugineum. Sequencing of the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 fragment from all type strains affirmed the RFLP findings. It was practically revealed that the ITS-PCR followed by MvaI-RFLP is a useful and reliable schema for identification and differentiation of several pathogenic species and can be used for rapid screening of even closely related species of dermatophytes in clinical and epidemiological settings

Infección diseminada por Penicillium marneffei en un paciente HIV-positivo: Primera observación en la República Argentina / Disseminated infection due to Penicillium marneffei related to HIV infection: First observation in Argentina

Se presenta el primer caso humano de peniciliosis por Penicillium marneffei observado en la República Argentina. El paciente era un joven de 16 años, HIV-positivo, procedente de un área rural del sur de China. El paciente fue internado en el Hospital "F. J. Muñiz" por padecer una neumonía grave con insufciencia respiratoria aguda. El agente causal fue aislado de un lavado broncoalveolar y se lo observó en un citodiagnóstico de piel. La identifcación de P. marneffei fue confrmada por las características fenotípicas del aislamiento y la amplifcación del ADNr. El enfermo padecía una infección muy avanzada por HIV que condujo a la aparición simultánea de infecciones por citomegalovirus, Pneumocystis jirovecii y procesos bacterianos nosocomiales. Este complejo cuadro derivó en una evolución fatal.

The frst case observed in Argentina of AIDS-related human penicillosis is herein presented. The patient was a six- teen year-old young man coming from a rural area of southern China. He was admitted at the F. J. Muñiz Hospital of Buenos Aires city with severe pneumonia and adult respiratory distress. Penicillium marneffei was isolated from bronchoalveolar lavage fuid and was microscopically observed in a skin cytodiagnosis. P. marneffei identifcation was confrmed by rRNA amplifcation and its phenotypic characteristics. The patient suffered an advanced HIV infection and also presented several AIDS-related diseases due to CMV, nosocomial bacterial infections and Pneumocystis jirovecii which led to a fatal outcome.

Micosis superficiales en la ciudad de Valparaíso, Chile: Período 2007-2009 / Superficial mycoses in the city of Valparaiso, Chile: Period 2007-2009

Introduction: Superficial mycoses are infections of the keratinous tissue caused by dermatophytes, yeasts and environmental fungi. Objectives: To identify the species of dermatophytes, yeasts and environmental fungi that cause superficial mycosis and analyze their differences by sex, age and location of the lesion, in patients from the region of Valparaiso, during 2007-2009. Materials and Methods: 1004 patients diagnosed with superficial mycoses were studied. All ages and both genera were included. The study was done using direct microscopic examination with 20 percent KOH and culture of the lesions. Fungi identification was mainly morphophysiological. Results: Of the 1004 patients studied, 609 were women and 87.7 percent was 15 years old or younger. Toenail onychomycosis was the most frequent lesion (58.1 percent), followed by tinea pedis and interdigitalis (16.3 percent). In patients younger than 8 years old, tinea capitis by Microsporum canis was the most common mycoses. Among dermatophytes, Trichophyton rubrum (78.9 percent) predominated in most locations, followed by Trichophyton mentagrophytes (14.9 percent) and M. canis (5.4 percent). Candida spp. (95.4 percent) prevailed among the yeasts causing onychomycosis. There were 27 cases of toenail onychomycosis caused by environmental fungi, mainly Fusarium. Conclusions: Our results are consistent with national and international data, where T. rubrum is the predominant agent of dermatomycoses. We report the emergency of agents not described in Chile or Latin America in these infections.

Introducción: Las micosis superficiales son infecciones causadas por dermatofitos, levaduras y hongos ambientales en tejidos queratínicos. Objetivos: Conocer las especies de dermatofitos, levaduras y hongos ambientales que causan micosis superficiales, analizar sus diferencias según sexo, edad y localización en pacientes de la Región de Valparaíso durante el período 2007-2009. Materiales y Métodos: Se estudiaron 1.004 pacientes de todas las edades, con diagnóstico de micosis superficiales. Se realizó examen microscópico directo con KOH al 20 por ciento y cultivos de las lesiones. La identificación de los hongos fue principalmente con morfo-fisiología. Resultados: De 1.004 pacientes evaluados, 609 fueron mujeres y 87,7 por ciento tenían sobre 15 años de edad. La onicomicosis de pie fue la lesión más frecuente (58,1 por ciento), seguida de tinea plantar e interdigital (16,3 por ciento). Bajo 8 años de edad, tinea capitis por Microsporum canis fue la lesión más frecuente. Entre los dermatofitos, Trichophyton rubrum (78,9 por ciento) predominó en la mayoría de las localizaciones, seguido por Trichophyton mentagrophytes (14,9 por ciento) y M. canis (5,4 por ciento). Entre las levaduras predominó Candida spp (95,4 por ciento) como causa de onicomicosis. Hubo 27 casos de onicomicosis de pies por hongos filamentosos ambientales, destacando por frecuencia el género Fusarium. Conclusiones: Los datos presentados coinciden en general con los trabajos nacionales e internacionales, donde T. rubrum predomina en la mayoría de las dermatomicosis. Destaca la aparición de agentes no descritos en Chile ni en Latinoamérica en este tipo de infecciones.

Dermatophytoses in domesticated animals / Dermatofitoses em animais domésticos

Dermatophytes are among the most frequent causes of ringworm infections in domesticated animals. They are known to serve as reservoirs of the zoophilic dermatophytes and these infections have important zoonotic implication. In Nigeria and probably West Africa, there are not many studies on the incidence of dermatophytosis in domesticated animals. In the current study, 538 domesticated animals with clinically suggestive lesions were investigated for dermatophytes. Identification of dermatophyte species was performed by macro- and micro morphological examination of colonies and by biochemical methods. In the cases of isolates that had atypical morphology and/or biochemical test results, the rDNA internal transcribed spacer region 2 (ITS 2) sequencing was performed. Out of this number, 214 (39.8 percent) were found to be colonized by a variety of ten species of dermatophytes. M. canis was the most frequently isolated species (37.4 percent), followed by T. mentagrophytes (22.9 percent) and T. verrucosum (15.9 percent). M. persicolor and T. gallinae were jointly the least species isolated with a frequency of 0.55 percent respectively. The recovery of dermatophyte isolates previously shown to be common etiological agents of dermatophytosis especially from children in the same region suggests that animal to human transmission may be common. Possible implications and recommendations are discussed.

Dermatófitos estão entre as causas mais frequentes de infecções tipo larva migrans em animais domésticos. Eles são conhecidos como reservatórios de dermatófitos zoófilos e estas infecções têm implicações zoonóticas importantes. Na Nigéria e provavelmente no Oeste da África não existem muitos estudos sobre a incidência de dermatofitose em animais domésticos. No presente estudo, 538 animais domésticos com lesões clinicamente sugestivas foram investigados para dermatófitos. Identificação de espécies de dermatófito foi feita pelo exame macro e microscópico morfológico de colônias e por métodos bioquímicos. No caso de isolados com morfologia atípica e/ou resultados de testes bioquímicos, sequenciamento da região 2 transcrita (ITS-2) do rDNA foi feita. Dos casos, 214 (39,8 por cento) foram colonizados por uma variedade de 10 espécies de dermatófitos. M. canis foi a espécie isolada mais frequente (37,4 por cento) seguida por T. mentagrophytes (22,9 por cento) e de T. verrucosum (15,9 por cento). M. persicolor e T. gallinae foram juntos as menos frequentes espécies isoladas (0,55 por cento respectivamente). O isolamento destes dermatófitos que são agentes etiológicos comuns de dermatofitoses especialmente de crianças da mesma região sugere que a transmissão de animais para humanos possa ser comum. Possíveis implicações e recomendações são discutidas.

Prevalence of dermatophytosis among primary school children in Oke-Oyi community of Kwara state

Background: Dermatophytic infections have been known to impact negatively on health and well-being of children. This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence; clinical types as well as the etiologic organisms of dermatophyte infection among primary school children aged 5-16 years in Oke-Oyi community in Kwara state. Materials and Methods: A 4-months descriptive cross-sectional survey was carried out among 602 children aged 5-16 years in Oke-Oyi community; in Kwara state. Results: The prevalence of clinically suspected dermatophytoses lesion was 29.9(180/602). Dermatophyte accounted for 5.0(30/602) on Sabouraud dextrose agar culture; while non-dermatophyte molds represent majority of isolate i.e.; 15.4(93/602). Tinea capitis is the commonest clinical type; followed by Tinea coporis and then Tinea pedis. Multiple infections are noted in nine respondents. Three species of dermatophytes belonging to only two of the three genera of dermatophytes were responsible for human infection in the area studied; of which Trichophyton mentagrophyte is the commonest; followed by Microsporum audouinii and Trichophyton verucossum. Among the non-dermatophytes; Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida albicans predominate. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that the prevalence of dermatophytoses in the school studied was significant. Control efforts should target this vulnerable group to reduce its prevalence

Ten years experience with Jorge Lobo's disease in the state of Acre, Amazon region, Brazil / Dez anos de experiência com a Doença de Jorge Lobo no estado do Acre, região amazônica, Brasil

Jorge Lobo's disease is a cutaneous and subcutaneous mycosis that affects patients in the Amazon region. The number of patients is relatively small, but the real situation of the disease as public health problem is not known, because Jorge Lobo's disease is not a notifiable disease. This study aims to report the clinical evolution in patients affected and to determine the prevalence and areas of occurrence of the disease. A retrospective study was carried out based on the analysis of the clinical records, which included a collection of photographs of patients in the Department of Sanitary Dermatology, in Rio Branco, and patients seen in the interior of the state. In a decade, in Rio Branco, 249 cases of the disease were reported, 30 were females and 219 males. Of these patients, 153 had localized lesions, 94 of them were on one ear, 55 had multifocal lesions and 41 had disseminated lesions. The average time between the onset of symptoms and diagnosis was 19 years. The average age at the time of diagnosis was 53 years, and ages ranged from 14 to 96 years.

A doença de Jorge Lobo é micose cutânea e subcutânea que afeta pessoas na região Amazônica. O número de pacientes é relativamente pequeno, no entanto, a real prevalência da doença como problema de saúde pública é pouco conhecida. A doença de Jorge Lobo não é de notificação compulsória. Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar a prevalência, as áreas de ocorrência da doença de Jorge Lobo, além de sua evolução clínica. Um estudo retrospectivo foi desenvolvido com base na análise de prontuários de pacientes, incluindo documentação fotográfica dos mesmos, que foram atendidos no Departamento de Dermatologia Sanitária em Rio Branco e no interior do Estado. Foram registrados 249 casos em uma década em Rio Branco, 30 mulheres e 219 homens. Do total 153 apresentavam lesões localizadas, 94 lesões em apenas uma orelha, 55 lesões multifocais e 41 lesões disseminadas. A média de tempo entre o início dos sintomas e o diagnóstico foi de 19 anos. A média de idade no momento do diagnóstico foi de 53 anos, e as idades variaram de 14 a 96 anos.